The Development of Language Teaching and Learning Theory

The Development of Language Teaching and Learning Theory Language Development Introduction Language acquisition is a continuous process that begins early in life. The first language is usually easy to learn as it is introduced early in life. Children learn their first language through interaction with people who speak the language. This is usually easier than learning a second language as an adult.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Development of Language: Teaching and Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second or consecutive language acquisition occur simultaneously and later in life. Teaching a language can be challenging and will require understanding in order to be effective. Research on language acquisition or development has generated knowledge on the subject. This essay will discuss the development of language, and relate the theory to teaching and learning. Language Acquisition Challenges for teachers working on English as a Second Language Language acquisition begins early in life. Children learn by listening and experiences in their first language. The second language is often taught and children further learn it from experiences. Teachers should look for effective methods of teaching English to their students. The method should cater for the learning needs of all learners. The first challenge that the teacher should be able to overcome is to recognize learning challenges in their class and the needs of every student. This will help in the effective learning of a second language. The second language is often taught as a foreign language, alongside or after the acquisition of the first language. Students depend on the teacher to tell them the correct form of language. The teacher’s challenge is to encourage students to try and learn the language on their own. This is usually a difficult task because most students are not willing to try this, particularly because they fear making mistakes. Teachers encounter stu dents who have persistent use of their first language. The teacher can encourage students to use English only and introduce punishments to students who use their first language. Poor class management and materials, as well as students who distract others pose a major challenge to the teachers. Discipline should be enforced. It is easy to divert from the lesson since the second language is secondary to the students. The teacher can avoid diverting the conversation and be keen to control students so that the students do not take over the class. Teaching resources and teaching aids designed for specific needs of different second language learners are sometimes hard to get. Students deliberately see the second language as difficult and do not engage in practice. Teachers of a second language fear that incorrect model of the first language may affect the learning of the second language (Ortega 2009).Advertising Looking for assessment on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Ge t your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Challenges for Teachers working of English as First Language Ortega (2009, p. 5) notes that, teachers who teach English as a First Language have challenges. The challenges include teaching materials, the design of the syllabus and learning exposure. Moreover, the techniques to be used in teaching, method of teaching, evaluation, and assessment designs are sometimes a challenge. The teacher has to come up with a method of interaction and understanding cognition of the students as they teach. The teacher’s exposure to the language and activities used in learning in and out of class pose a challenge. The teachers depend on other stakeholders to make teaching a success. They require a certain level of autonomy to teach the language. Other problems that the teacher may experience are lack of motivation, low confidence and nervousness. Teaching the skills and cultural concerns becomes more challenging if the teacher’ s native language is not English. To make teaching less challenging, all the required teaching materials should be provided. Adequate training and a relevant syllabus should also be availed. Gibbons (2006, p. 45) mentions that, the method of assessment, evaluation, and techniques used should go hand in hand with the needs of the students. If one of the requirements is missing, the process of teaching a language may not yield the desired results. Reference List Gibbons, P 2006, Bridge Discourses in the ESL Classroom, Continuum, London. Lightbown, M Spada, N 2006, How languages are learned, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Ortega, L 2009, Understanding Second Language Acquisition, Hodder, London. Saville- Troike, M 2006, Introduction to second Language Acquisition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Development of Language: Teaching and Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Free Essays on Ebays Organizational Structure And Design

1. Describe the organizational structure of eBay’s internal and external communities. In doing so, make sure to discuss its organizational design, operations technology and production strategy, decision-making processes, authority and power relations. eBay has found success as an Internet based company, where so many other companies have failed, revolutionizing business approach to organizational structure and design. The company’s business model has challenged traditional production strategies through changing what it means to be customer-oriented. This is most profoundly exemplified by the impact of the external community on the internal structure of eBay’s organization, in turn, redefining corporate internal alignment. All facets of eBay’s organizational design reflect a strict commitment to maintaining a company culture that has been the foundation for the websites success. The result of such an approach is reflected in the shared values that transcend normal corporate-customer boundaries by having the external community define internal culture. eBay’s organizational structure and design facilitates operations decisions in production strategy, technological development, and authority and power relations. The functional format of eBay’s business is to provide a forum where anybody can trade anything with anyone, which has led eBay to become the largest person-to-person Internet trading community. Even through the company’s business model is facilitated by the auctions provided, they are recognized as nothing more than a platform enabler. The true foundation of eBay’s operations focuses on providing users with a unique sense of community, an unparalleled method in production strategy that guides the development of the website making it distinctively user-powered. As such, the internal community culture was designed to mirror the external community culture through preserving a strong set of values as emb... Free Essays on Ebay's Organizational Structure And Design Free Essays on Ebay's Organizational Structure And Design 1. Describe the organizational structure of eBay’s internal and external communities. In doing so, make sure to discuss its organizational design, operations technology and production strategy, decision-making processes, authority and power relations. eBay has found success as an Internet based company, where so many other companies have failed, revolutionizing business approach to organizational structure and design. The company’s business model has challenged traditional production strategies through changing what it means to be customer-oriented. This is most profoundly exemplified by the impact of the external community on the internal structure of eBay’s organization, in turn, redefining corporate internal alignment. All facets of eBay’s organizational design reflect a strict commitment to maintaining a company culture that has been the foundation for the websites success. The result of such an approach is reflected in the shared values that transcend normal corporate-customer boundaries by having the external community define internal culture. eBay’s organizational structure and design facilitates operations decisions in production strategy, technological development, and authority and power relations. The functional format of eBay’s business is to provide a forum where anybody can trade anything with anyone, which has led eBay to become the largest person-to-person Internet trading community. Even through the company’s business model is facilitated by the auctions provided, they are recognized as nothing more than a platform enabler. The true foundation of eBay’s operations focuses on providing users with a unique sense of community, an unparalleled method in production strategy that guides the development of the website making it distinctively user-powered. As such, the internal community culture was designed to mirror the external community culture through preserving a strong set of values as emb...

Sociology And Social Worlds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Sociology And Social Worlds - Essay Example 7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Critically discuss the key concepts in Conduct that explain our agency in social worlds and the influences upon it. In doing so, draw upon three sources of material – from academic texts or ‘real life’ situations – external to the course texts. Ideology of a term: CONDUCT Conduct is a word which gives us a simple idea about a human behavior in different aspects of life but when considering under the study of sociology ,it tells us that how deep rooted this issue is. It not only builds a personality of an individual but highly contributes in developing a society. According to the theories of different sociologists, Conduct is something which gives us an argument about gestures, manners, norms, attributes and techniques of a human being according to which one leads his/her life individually or in a community. It not only refers to a manner in which people leads their life but also how ones behavior varies in a particular situations, circumstances, or occasions. For example conduct changes of an agency under extreme influences either happy or sad it depends on the extremity of a situation. Parallel issue of an agency In relevance to the topic of Conduct, there is an issue taken parallel is known as an Agency which is defined as a capacity or capability of an individual according to his/her free will. There are two major strategies of sociology to deal with this issue: Structural Sociology and Action-oriented Sociology. Structural sociology over inner princip le Structural Sociological studies approaches with theories of action and agency nonetheless reproduce the idea of an individual and society as two different separate entities by proposing that social order and human conduct are the product of the interaction of fundamentally free human being without any external constraint or pressure. Here inner principle comes in consideration that how it operates an agency .Inner principle gives a major contribution of one’s conduct which is either polished by religious preaching or personality grooming through different institutions. The basic feature of the inner principle is self directed individual agent and is undoubtedly a real capacity but it is not the foundation of these abilities and it does not provide an explanation for the development of a social network. An example which can help us understand the term an agent influencing a conduct of a person is when a child delivers a message to a parent that your friend is there on the p hone so the parent if unwilling to attend the call instruct a child to go and give an untrue reason, this is from where a parent acting as an agent starts spoiling an innocent mind. Relation between Structure and an Agency Furthermore, Structure and agency inter relates in a manner that when we analyze the teacher occupation to show how the agent influences the structure in society , the structure is both an outcome of agent action and shape agency action , in this case we show how the agent shapes the structure in the society with reference to the teacher role in the society .The agent and the structure :The teacher can be viewed as an agent of change , his role is to

Communication Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication Journal - Essay Example Prof. Linley: I am concerned about their progress. It is not easy for these students to reach this level of education so conveniently. The curriculum is quite challenging. Prof. Macaulay: I believe it is going to take time. Let them explore the syllabus. The textbooks have been selected according to their standard. What we need are excellent teachers. And by that I mean, no compromise of quality. Prof. Linley: How come only a few parents have shown up for the admissions? Prof. Macaulay: I guess they are reluctant to show up at a totally new institute. Some people have really high expectations from us. We need to give their kids more than they expect from us. Prof. Linley turned to his table to get a bunch of papers he was working on. He brought them to Prof. Macaulay and continued to think aloud on the planning. Prof. Linley: Do you think high school students will be able to handle the research methods course that we are trying to introduce in the first session? Prof. Macaulay: Why n ot? Even if they don’t, let’s just hope that they will. Why worry before meeting them. Maybe you’ll get the brighter ones! Prof. Linley: Aren’t you scared? Prof. Macaulay: What’s the point? That won’t change the reality would it? This institute needs people who can take risks. I am ready to face the challenge. Prof. Linley: Do you mean to say that I am not the right person for the institute at the moment? Prof. Macaulay: I just mean that you should take it easy on yourself. Just give it a try. When we open next week we will face the problems together and try to come up with a better solution. Prof. Linley: I have also prepared a standard test for them to clear at the start of the session. I thought that this way we will know where each individual stands. The classroom strength is reasonable at the moment. We have approximately fifteen in each class which means a total of 200 in the first batch. Ten sections won’t be difficult to handl e as long as we have good instructors. Prof. Macaulay: I have requested Prof. Samuel and Prof. Kingston to join our team as visiting faculty. They said they will let me know by the end of this week. If we have them join us, we can plan to arrange for remedial sessions for students who have learning disabilities. Prof. Linley: Hmmm†¦ not a bad idea. One of my colleagues is a psychologist. I’ll ask her if she can give us advice on handling such cases. Both stand up to retire for bed. Professor Macaulay decided to leave for London from there next morning to have a meeting with another friend regarding the new setup. Topic 2: Exercising and Communication Paul and Simon at the Gym Paul was distressed to lose his job and was rigorously working out to forget what had happened between him and his boss. He could not believe he was fired. Simon was by his side hopelessly trying to comfort him. But it was no use. It seemed that he would have a nervous breakdown. Simon asked Paul if he wanted to go on vacation somewhere out of town. His suggestion was crushed by the sound of the weight lifting. Paul already had a suicidal temperament which only Simon knew how to resolve. But Simon often thought what Paul would do without him. He had been asking Paul to settle down and get married to Diana whom he loved. Paul was also very nervous about his relationships with girls. His breakup with a very dear friend five years ago was heart-wrenching for him. Paul wouldn’t utter a word to Simon about this incident until Simon choked it out of him. Simon was extremely

General Character Traits of a Successful Entrepreneur Essay Example for Free

General Character Traits of a Successful Entrepreneur Essay Taking moderate risks is another characteristic of successful entrepreneurs. They dont fear to take risks. FEAR to take risks discourages initiative, brings about uncertainty of purpose, destroys ambition, kills enthusiasm, destroys good reasoning and stops you from taking action. Besides, there is nothing you can engage yourself in without any risks involved. *She takes personal responsibility for her own actions. The more responsibility you take, the more in control you are. And the freer you are, especially in your own mind, to make decisions and to do the things you want to do. Things go wrong when you run your own business. Most entrepreneurs go through crises with their businesses — and more than a few wind up with outright failures on their hands. But when you’re responsible for a business, you have to be able to keep calm in any situation. Any other reaction — whether you lose your temper or get flustered — compounds the problem. Instead, a good entrepreneur must have the ability to keep his cool in an emergency or crisis. It may not make the problem easier to solve, but it certainly won’t make it harder. If an entrepreneur can handle failure without frustration or anger, he can move past it to find success. *She is self-confident Successful entrepreneurs dont depend on luck. They are able to visualize and they believe in the attainment of their desires at all cost. Ability to visualize and to have faith in the attainment of your desires is an important factor in building your self-confidence. *She likes to get concrete feedback on her own performance from others. Asking people around your business the feedback on your performance is one way you’ll know whether you need to improve your performance or stay the same. It is fine to have your critics to motivate yourself to improve your performance. *She is concerned with tasks and problems rather than with people. Successful entrepreneurs are problem solvers. They have the ability to identify specific problems of a given customer group, which require their products or services to be solved. As they solve their customers problems, they end up making money. Turning peoples problems into great opportunities is one of the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. *She is very creative To succeed you have to be creative. All successful entrepreneurs think a lot differently from ordinary people. They see things other people have not yet mirrored and are able to introduce new things and new ways of doing things. *She is achievement- oriented All successful entrepreneurs are achievers. They do not give up when faced with a temporary defeat. They do not despair because they are highly motivated people. Whatever they put their hands and their minds on, they commit themselves to achieve it. Until they achieve it, they do not stop. Even after achieving it, they look forward to strengthen their achievements. Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies or (PECS) *Opportunity seeking Does things before asked or forced to by events Acts to extend the business into new areas, products or services Seizes unusual opportunities to start a new business, obtain financing, equipment, land work space or assistance *Persistence Takes action in the face of a significant obstacle Takes repeated actions or switches to an alternative strategy to meet a challenge or overcome an obstacle Takes personal responsibility for the performance necessary to achieve goals and objectives Commitment to work contact Makes a personal sacrifice or expends extraordinary effort to complete a job.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

Jane Eyre is the main character in the novel Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte. She is a fictional character along with the book. The book takes place in the mid 1800’s. Jane lives in five different places which greatly affect her life. The first place Jane stays is Gateshead Hall. She then goes to live at Lowood School. From Lowood Jane proceeds on to Thornfield Hall. She then advances on to Moor House. Finally, Jane reaches her final home at Ferndean. All of this happens within two decades and the novel is told in first person, which is Jane Eyre. The first place Jane stays is Gateshead Hall. While at Gateshead, Jane is treated unfairly and is punished for things she did not do. After the death of Jane’s parents, her uncle, Mr. Reed brought Jane into his house. On her uncle’s deathbed Mrs. Reed promises to treat Jane like one of her own children. Jane’s aunt, Mrs. Reed, does not like Jane and has a very hard time doing this. She feels Jane was forced upon her family after the death of her parents. Against her husband’s request, Mrs. Reed does not treat Jane like a human being and is constantly criticizing and punishing her. In one example Jane was keeping to herself, reading a book when her cousin John Reed decided to annoy her. John then grabbed the book and threw it at her knocking her down and cutting her on the head, which bled and was very painful. Mrs. Reed then punished Jane by sending her into the red room, the room her uncle died in, for the entire night. While in the red room Jane became terri fied and thought she saw or heard the flapping of wings. The treatment Jane received caused her to become bitter and to truly dislike Mrs. Reed. Jane then goes on to live at Lowood School. While at Lowood Jane meets a young girl named Helen Burns. Helen taught Jane many things about life and religion. Jane recalls a time when Helen was scolded for not cleaning her nails or washing her face. Mrs. Scatherd, throwing out the fact that the water was frozen proceeded to punish Helen by smacking her on the back of the neck with a bundle of twigs. Jane is amazed at Helen’s ability to accept the punishment, eventhough it was not Helen’s fault.

Family Planning Essay

†¢ It means the spacing of children and that parents are completely free to choose the number of children they want. †¢ People in almost all parts of the world are agreed that family planning is necessary in every country which desires to raise the living standard of its people. †¢ Family planning has also been referred to as the totality of human efforts to achieve human dignity, economic stability, health and happiness and welfare through: o Birth regulation and spacing of children by the use of accepted scientific methods Rhythm †¢ Only method that the Catholic church approves of †¢ â€Å"Periodic abstention† †¢ A plan of avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile period just before and after an egg has been produced in her body †¢ Most women release an egg cell about once a month usually 14 days before the menstruation †¢ May vary from month to month and it is necessary to determine whether accurately as possible when an egg will be produced †¢ Can be reliable if the menstrual cycle is regular †¢ The doctor may help you determine when your fertile period is Sterilization †¢ Vasectomy(male); Tubal ligation(female) †¢ An operation whereby a tube, vas deferens, where the sperm cells pass is being removed †¢ In tubal ligation, the one removed is the tube where the egg cells pass †¢ Those who use this method are those with three to four children †¢ It is for couples whose families are complete †¢ The procedure much simpler for the male †¢ There no side effects and the cost of operation is cheaper Douching †¢ Flushing out the vagina with a medicated solution immediately after intercourse to remove or destroy sperm Abstinence †¢ Refraining from sexual intercourse †¢ 100% effective To have all this methods of family planning, one must be full of fire and enthusiasm about it yourself in persuading people to do such. If people are convinced of the possibility of family planning, the result will not only help the couples either rich or poor, to have a sound and healthy family but also make the nation a powerful and strong one. The world is not after the quantity but the quality of the people. Any couple who desires to use a family planning method should visit a family planning clinic so that they can learn the important details concerning the particular method they may choose and assure pregnancy protection. General Principles Governing the Choice of Contraceptive method 1. A contraceptive method is not for an unmarried individual but for a married couple. Although only one mate may be involved in its use, it affects the interpersonal as well as sexual relationship of husband and wife. 2. The effectiveness and the acceptability of any method are in direct proportion to the experience of the physician in suiting the method to the couple’s particular needs and the degree of motivation of the couple in using the method consistently. 3. The physician, being human, has his own preference and emotional reactions thereto. It is only in listening with respect to the patient’s reaction that the couple’s emotional need will be met. Catholic Church’s Position on Family planning On July 31, 1975, Julio R. Cardinal Rosales, pres. Of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, made the following classifications on the stand of the Church in the Philippine Population Program: 1. The Church is in accord with the Government on the need for family planning. The church has always advocated responsible parenthood. 2. The church respects the Government responsibility in making available to the citizens such means of family planning that would not violate their conscience of those employed by the Government in its program. 3. The church advocated the family life program which upholds human dignity, healthful marital love and family relationship, and which teaches that the means for family planning is the natural method, with the exclusion of artificial contraceptives, sterilization and abortion. 4. The church maintains that the individual conscience is the ultimate arbiter in the choice of the means for family planning.